webContents

Render and control web pages.

Process: Main

webContents is an EventEmitter. It is responsible for rendering and controlling a web page and is a property of the BrowserWindow object. An example of accessing the webContents object:

const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

const win = new BrowserWindow({ width: 800, height: 1500 })
win.loadURL('https://github.com')

const contents = win.webContents
console.log(contents)

Navigation Events

Several events can be used to monitor navigations as they occur within a webContents.

Document Navigations

When a webContents navigates to another page (as opposed to an in-page navigation), the following events will be fired.

did-start-navigation
will-frame-navigate
will-navigate (only fired when main frame navigates)
will-redirect (only fired when a redirect happens during navigation)
did-redirect-navigation (only fired when a redirect happens during navigation)
did-frame-navigate
did-navigate (only fired when main frame navigates)

Subsequent events will not fire if event.preventDefault() is called on any of the cancellable events.

In-page Navigation

In-page navigations don't cause the page to reload, but instead navigate to a location within the current page. These events are not cancellable. For an in-page navigations, the following events will fire in this order:

Frame Navigation

The will-navigate and did-navigate events only fire when the mainFrame navigates. If you want to also observe navigations in <iframe>s, use will-frame-navigate and did-frame-navigate events.

Methods

These methods can be accessed from the webContents module:

const { webContents } = require('electron')
console.log(webContents)

`webContents.getAllWebContents()`

Returns WebContents[] - An array of all WebContents instances. This will contain web contents for all windows, webviews, opened devtools, and devtools extension background pages.

`webContents.getFocusedWebContents()`

Returns WebContents | null - The web contents that is focused in this application, otherwise returns null.

`webContents.fromId(id)`

id Integer

Returns WebContents | undefined - A WebContents instance with the given ID, or undefined if there is no WebContents associated with the given ID.

`webContents.fromFrame(frame)`

frame WebFrameMain

Returns WebContents | undefined - A WebContents instance with the given WebFrameMain, or undefined if there is no WebContents associated with the given WebFrameMain.

`webContents.fromDevToolsTargetId(targetId)`

targetId string - The Chrome DevTools Protocol TargetID associated with the WebContents instance.

Returns WebContents | undefined - A WebContents instance with the given TargetID, or undefined if there is no WebContents associated with the given TargetID.

When communicating with the Chrome DevTools Protocol, it can be useful to lookup a WebContents instance based on its assigned TargetID.

async function lookupTargetId (browserWindow) {
  const wc = browserWindow.webContents
  await wc.debugger.attach('1.3')
  const { targetInfo } = await wc.debugger.sendCommand('Target.getTargetInfo')
  const { targetId } = targetInfo
  const targetWebContents = await wc.fromDevToolsTargetId(targetId)
}

Class: WebContents

Render and control the contents of a BrowserWindow instance.

Process: Main
This class is not exported from the 'electron' module. It is only available as a return value of other methods in the Electron API.

Instance Events

Event: 'did-finish-load'

Emitted when the navigation is done, i.e. the spinner of the tab has stopped spinning, and the onload event was dispatched.

Event: 'did-fail-load'

Returns:

event Event
errorCode Integer
errorDescription string
validatedURL string
isMainFrame boolean
frameProcessId Integer
frameRoutingId Integer

This event is like did-finish-load but emitted when the load failed. The full list of error codes and their meaning is available here.

Event: 'did-fail-provisional-load'

Returns:

event Event
errorCode Integer
errorDescription string
validatedURL string
isMainFrame boolean
frameProcessId Integer
frameRoutingId Integer

This event is like did-fail-load but emitted when the load was cancelled (e.g. window.stop() was invoked).

Event: 'did-frame-finish-load'

Returns:

event Event
isMainFrame boolean
frameProcessId Integer
frameRoutingId Integer

Emitted when a frame has done navigation.

Event: 'did-start-loading'

Corresponds to the points in time when the spinner of the tab started spinning.

Event: 'did-stop-loading'

Corresponds to the points in time when the spinner of the tab stopped spinning.

Event: 'dom-ready'

Emitted when the document in the top-level frame is loaded.

Event: 'page-title-updated'

Returns:

event Event
title string
explicitSet boolean

Fired when page title is set during navigation. explicitSet is false when title is synthesized from file url.

Event: 'page-favicon-updated'

Returns:

event Event
favicons string[] - Array of URLs.

Emitted when page receives favicon urls.

Event: 'content-bounds-updated'

Returns:

event Event
bounds Rectangle - requested new content bounds

Emitted when the page calls window.moveTo, window.resizeTo or related APIs.

By default, this will move the window. To prevent that behavior, call event.preventDefault().

Event: 'did-create-window'

Returns:

window BrowserWindow
details Object
- url string - URL for the created window.
- frameName string - Name given to the created window in the window.open() call.
- options BrowserWindowConstructorOptions - The options used to create the BrowserWindow. They are merged in increasing precedence: parsed options from the features string from window.open(), security-related webPreferences inherited from the parent, and options given by webContents.setWindowOpenHandler. Unrecognized options are not filtered out.
- referrer Referrer - The referrer that will be passed to the new window. May or may not result in the Referer header being sent, depending on the referrer policy.
- postBody PostBody (optional) - The post data that will be sent to the new window, along with the appropriate headers that will be set. If no post data is to be sent, the value will be null. Only defined when the window is being created by a form that set target=_blank.
- disposition string - Can be default, foreground-tab, background-tab, new-window or other.

Emitted after successful creation of a window via window.open in the renderer. Not emitted if the creation of the window is canceled from webContents.setWindowOpenHandler.

See window.open() for more details and how to use this in conjunction with webContents.setWindowOpenHandler.

Event: 'will-navigate'

Returns:

details Event<>
- url string - The URL the frame is navigating to.
- isSameDocument boolean - This event does not fire for same document navigations using window.history api and reference fragment navigations. This property is always set to false for this event.
- isMainFrame boolean - True if the navigation is taking place in a main frame.
- frame WebFrameMain | null - The frame to be navigated. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.
- initiator WebFrameMain | null (optional) - The frame which initiated the navigation, which can be a parent frame (e.g. via window.open with a frame's name), or null if the navigation was not initiated by a frame. This can also be null if the initiating frame was deleted before the event was emitted.
url string Deprecated
isInPlace boolean Deprecated
isMainFrame boolean Deprecated
frameProcessId Integer Deprecated
frameRoutingId Integer Deprecated

Emitted when a user or the page wants to start navigation on the main frame. It can happen when the window.location object is changed or a user clicks a link in the page.

This event will not emit when the navigation is started programmatically with APIs like webContents.loadURL and webContents.back.

It is also not emitted for in-page navigations, such as clicking anchor links or updating the window.location.hash. Use did-navigate-in-page event for this purpose.

Calling event.preventDefault() will prevent the navigation.

Event: 'will-frame-navigate'

Returns:

details Event<>
- url string - The URL the frame is navigating to.
- isSameDocument boolean - This event does not fire for same document navigations using window.history api and reference fragment navigations. This property is always set to false for this event.
- isMainFrame boolean - True if the navigation is taking place in a main frame.
- frame WebFrameMain | null - The frame to be navigated. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.
- initiator WebFrameMain | null (optional) - The frame which initiated the navigation, which can be a parent frame (e.g. via window.open with a frame's name), or null if the navigation was not initiated by a frame. This can also be null if the initiating frame was deleted before the event was emitted.

Emitted when a user or the page wants to start navigation in any frame. It can happen when the window.location object is changed or a user clicks a link in the page.

Unlike will-navigate, will-frame-navigate is fired when the main frame or any of its subframes attempts to navigate. When the navigation event comes from the main frame, isMainFrame will be true.

This event will not emit when the navigation is started programmatically with APIs like webContents.loadURL and webContents.back.

It is also not emitted for in-page navigations, such as clicking anchor links or updating the window.location.hash. Use did-navigate-in-page event for this purpose.

Calling event.preventDefault() will prevent the navigation.

Event: 'did-start-navigation'

Returns:

details Event<>
- url string - The URL the frame is navigating to.
- isSameDocument boolean - Whether the navigation happened without changing document. Examples of same document navigations are reference fragment navigations, pushState/replaceState, and same page history navigation.
- isMainFrame boolean - True if the navigation is taking place in a main frame.
- frame WebFrameMain | null - The frame to be navigated. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.
- initiator WebFrameMain | null (optional) - The frame which initiated the navigation, which can be a parent frame (e.g. via window.open with a frame's name), or null if the navigation was not initiated by a frame. This can also be null if the initiating frame was deleted before the event was emitted.
url string Deprecated
isInPlace boolean Deprecated
isMainFrame boolean Deprecated
frameProcessId Integer Deprecated
frameRoutingId Integer Deprecated

Emitted when any frame (including main) starts navigating.

Event: 'will-redirect'

Returns:

details Event<>
- url string - The URL the frame is navigating to.
- isSameDocument boolean - Whether the navigation happened without changing document. Examples of same document navigations are reference fragment navigations, pushState/replaceState, and same page history navigation.
- isMainFrame boolean - True if the navigation is taking place in a main frame.
- frame WebFrameMain | null - The frame to be navigated. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.
- initiator WebFrameMain | null (optional) - The frame which initiated the navigation, which can be a parent frame (e.g. via window.open with a frame's name), or null if the navigation was not initiated by a frame. This can also be null if the initiating frame was deleted before the event was emitted.
url string Deprecated
isInPlace boolean Deprecated
isMainFrame boolean Deprecated
frameProcessId Integer Deprecated
frameRoutingId Integer Deprecated

Emitted when a server side redirect occurs during navigation. For example a 302 redirect.

This event will be emitted after did-start-navigation and always before the did-redirect-navigation event for the same navigation.

Calling event.preventDefault() will prevent the navigation (not just the redirect).

Event: 'did-redirect-navigation'

Returns:

details Event<>
- url string - The URL the frame is navigating to.
- isSameDocument boolean - Whether the navigation happened without changing document. Examples of same document navigations are reference fragment navigations, pushState/replaceState, and same page history navigation.
- isMainFrame boolean - True if the navigation is taking place in a main frame.
- frame WebFrameMain | null - The frame to be navigated. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.
- initiator WebFrameMain | null (optional) - The frame which initiated the navigation, which can be a parent frame (e.g. via window.open with a frame's name), or null if the navigation was not initiated by a frame. This can also be null if the initiating frame was deleted before the event was emitted.
url string Deprecated
isInPlace boolean Deprecated
isMainFrame boolean Deprecated
frameProcessId Integer Deprecated
frameRoutingId Integer Deprecated

Emitted after a server side redirect occurs during navigation. For example a 302 redirect.

This event cannot be prevented, if you want to prevent redirects you should checkout out the will-redirect event above.

Event: 'did-navigate'

Returns:

event Event
url string
httpResponseCode Integer - -1 for non HTTP navigations
httpStatusText string - empty for non HTTP navigations

Emitted when a main frame navigation is done.

This event is not emitted for in-page navigations, such as clicking anchor links or updating the window.location.hash. Use did-navigate-in-page event for this purpose.

Event: 'did-frame-navigate'

Returns:

event Event
url string
httpResponseCode Integer - -1 for non HTTP navigations
httpStatusText string - empty for non HTTP navigations,
isMainFrame boolean
frameProcessId Integer
frameRoutingId Integer

Emitted when any frame navigation is done.

This event is not emitted for in-page navigations, such as clicking anchor links or updating the window.location.hash. Use did-navigate-in-page event for this purpose.

Event: 'did-navigate-in-page'

Returns:

event Event
url string
isMainFrame boolean
frameProcessId Integer
frameRoutingId Integer

Emitted when an in-page navigation happened in any frame.

When in-page navigation happens, the page URL changes but does not cause navigation outside of the page. Examples of this occurring are when anchor links are clicked or when the DOM hashchange event is triggered.

Event: 'will-prevent-unload'

Returns:

event Event

Emitted when a beforeunload event handler is attempting to cancel a page unload.

Calling event.preventDefault() will ignore the beforeunload event handler and allow the page to be unloaded.

const { BrowserWindow, dialog } = require('electron')
const win = new BrowserWindow({ width: 800, height: 600 })
win.webContents.on('will-prevent-unload', (event) => {
  const choice = dialog.showMessageBoxSync(win, {
    type: 'question',
    buttons: ['Leave', 'Stay'],
    title: 'Do you want to leave this site?',
    message: 'Changes you made may not be saved.',
    defaultId: 0,
    cancelId: 1
  })
  const leave = (choice === 0)
  if (leave) {
    event.preventDefault()
  }
})

Note: This will be emitted for BrowserViews but will not be respected - this is because we have chosen not to tie the BrowserView lifecycle to its owning BrowserWindow should one exist per the specification.

Event: 'render-process-gone'

Returns:

event Event
details RenderProcessGoneDetails

Emitted when the renderer process unexpectedly disappears. This is normally because it was crashed or killed.

Event: 'unresponsive'

Emitted when the web page becomes unresponsive.

Event: 'responsive'

Emitted when the unresponsive web page becomes responsive again.

Event: 'plugin-crashed'

Returns:

event Event
name string
version string

Emitted when a plugin process has crashed.

Event: 'destroyed'

Emitted when webContents is destroyed.

Event: 'input-event'

Returns:

event Event
inputEvent InputEvent

Emitted when an input event is sent to the WebContents. See InputEvent for details.

Event: 'before-input-event'

Returns:

event Event
input Object - Input properties.
- type string - Either keyUp or keyDown.
- key string - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.key.
- code string - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.code.
- isAutoRepeat boolean - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.repeat.
- isComposing boolean - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.isComposing.
- shift boolean - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.shiftKey.
- control boolean - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.controlKey.
- alt boolean - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.altKey.
- meta boolean - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.metaKey.
- location number - Equivalent to KeyboardEvent.location.
- modifiers string[] - See InputEvent.modifiers.

Emitted before dispatching the keydown and keyup events in the page. Calling event.preventDefault will prevent the page keydown/keyup events and the menu shortcuts.

To only prevent the menu shortcuts, use setIgnoreMenuShortcuts:

const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

const win = new BrowserWindow({ width: 800, height: 600 })

win.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
  // For example, only enable application menu keyboard shortcuts when
  // Ctrl/Cmd are down.
  win.webContents.setIgnoreMenuShortcuts(!input.control && !input.meta)
})

Event: 'enter-html-full-screen'

Emitted when the window enters a full-screen state triggered by HTML API.

Event: 'leave-html-full-screen'

Emitted when the window leaves a full-screen state triggered by HTML API.

Event: 'zoom-changed'

Returns:

event Event
zoomDirection string - Can be in or out.

Emitted when the user is requesting to change the zoom level using the mouse wheel.

Event: 'blur'

Emitted when the WebContents loses focus.

Event: 'focus'

Emitted when the WebContents gains focus.

Note that on macOS, having focus means the WebContents is the first responder of window, so switching focus between windows would not trigger the focus and blur events of WebContents, as the first responder of each window is not changed.

The focus and blur events of WebContents should only be used to detect focus change between different WebContents and BrowserView in the same window.

Event: 'devtools-open-url'

Returns:

event Event
url string - URL of the link that was clicked or selected.

Emitted when a link is clicked in DevTools or 'Open in new tab' is selected for a link in its context menu.

Event: 'devtools-search-query'

Returns:

event Event
query string - text to query for.

Emitted when 'Search' is selected for text in its context menu.

Event: 'devtools-opened'

Emitted when DevTools is opened.

Event: 'devtools-closed'

Emitted when DevTools is closed.

Event: 'devtools-focused'

Emitted when DevTools is focused / opened.

Event: 'certificate-error'

Returns:

event Event
url string
error string - The error code.
certificate Certificate
callback Function
- isTrusted boolean - Indicates whether the certificate can be considered trusted.
isMainFrame boolean

Emitted when failed to verify the certificate for url.

The usage is the same with the certificate-error event of app.

Event: 'select-client-certificate'

Returns:

event Event
url URL
certificateList Certificate[]
callback Function
- certificate Certificate - Must be a certificate from the given list.

Emitted when a client certificate is requested.

The usage is the same with the select-client-certificate event of app.

Event: 'login'

Returns:

event Event
authenticationResponseDetails Object
- url URL
authInfo Object
- isProxy boolean
- scheme string
- host string
- port Integer
- realm string
callback Function
- username string (optional)
- password string (optional)

Emitted when webContents wants to do basic auth.

The usage is the same with the login event of app.

Event: 'found-in-page'

Returns:

event Event
result Object
- requestId Integer
- activeMatchOrdinal Integer - Position of the active match.
- matches Integer - Number of Matches.
- selectionArea Rectangle - Coordinates of first match region.
- finalUpdate boolean

Emitted when a result is available for webContents.findInPage request.

Event: 'media-started-playing'

Emitted when media starts playing.

Event: 'media-paused'

Emitted when media is paused or done playing.

Event: 'audio-state-changed'

Returns:

event Event<>
- audible boolean - True if one or more frames or child webContents are emitting audio.

Emitted when media becomes audible or inaudible.

Event: 'did-change-theme-color'

Returns:

event Event
color (string | null) - Theme color is in format of '#rrggbb'. It is null when no theme color is set.

Emitted when a page's theme color changes. This is usually due to encountering a meta tag:

<meta name='theme-color' content='#ff0000'>

Event: 'update-target-url'

Returns:

event Event
url string

Emitted when mouse moves over a link or the keyboard moves the focus to a link.

Event: 'cursor-changed'

Returns:

event Event
type string
image NativeImage (optional)
scale Float (optional) - scaling factor for the custom cursor.
size Size (optional) - the size of the image.
hotspot Point (optional) - coordinates of the custom cursor's hotspot.

Emitted when the cursor's type changes. The type parameter can be pointer, crosshair, hand, text, wait, help, e-resize, n-resize, ne-resize, nw-resize, s-resize, se-resize, sw-resize, w-resize, ns-resize, ew-resize, nesw-resize, nwse-resize, col-resize, row-resize, m-panning, m-panning-vertical, m-panning-horizontal, e-panning, n-panning, ne-panning, nw-panning, s-panning, se-panning, sw-panning, w-panning, move, vertical-text, cell, context-menu, alias, progress, nodrop, copy, none, not-allowed, zoom-in, zoom-out, grab, grabbing, custom, null, drag-drop-none, drag-drop-move, drag-drop-copy, drag-drop-link, ns-no-resize, ew-no-resize, nesw-no-resize, nwse-no-resize, or default.

If the type parameter is custom, the image parameter will hold the custom cursor image in a NativeImage, and scale, size and hotspot will hold additional information about the custom cursor.

Event: 'context-menu'

Returns:

event Event
params Object
- x Integer - x coordinate.
- y Integer - y coordinate.
- frame WebFrameMain | null - Frame from which the context menu was invoked. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.
- linkURL string - URL of the link that encloses the node the context menu was invoked on.
- linkText string - Text associated with the link. May be an empty string if the contents of the link are an image.
- pageURL string - URL of the top level page that the context menu was invoked on.
- frameURL string - URL of the subframe that the context menu was invoked on.
- srcURL string - Source URL for the element that the context menu was invoked on. Elements with source URLs are images, audio and video.
- mediaType string - Type of the node the context menu was invoked on. Can be none, image, audio, video, canvas, file or plugin.
- hasImageContents boolean - Whether the context menu was invoked on an image which has non-empty contents.
- isEditable boolean - Whether the context is editable.
- selectionText string - Text of the selection that the context menu was invoked on.
- titleText string - Title text of the selection that the context menu was invoked on.
- altText string - Alt text of the selection that the context menu was invoked on.
- suggestedFilename string - Suggested filename to be used when saving file through 'Save Link As' option of context menu.
- selectionRect Rectangle - Rect representing the coordinates in the document space of the selection.
- selectionStartOffset number - Start position of the selection text.
- referrerPolicy Referrer - The referrer policy of the frame on which the menu is invoked.
- misspelledWord string - The misspelled word under the cursor, if any.
- dictionarySuggestions string[] - An array of suggested words to show the user to replace the misspelledWord. Only available if there is a misspelled word and spellchecker is enabled.
- frameCharset string - The character encoding of the frame on which the menu was invoked.
- formControlType string - The source that the context menu was invoked on. Possible values include none, button-button, field-set, input-button, input-checkbox, input-color, input-date, input-datetime-local, input-email, input-file, input-hidden, input-image, input-month, input-number, input-password, input-radio, input-range, input-reset, input-search, input-submit, input-telephone, input-text, input-time, input-url, input-week, output, reset-button, select-list, select-list, select-multiple, select-one, submit-button, and text-area,
- spellcheckEnabled boolean - If the context is editable, whether or not spellchecking is enabled.
- menuSourceType string - Input source that invoked the context menu. Can be none, mouse, keyboard, touch, touchMenu, longPress, longTap, touchHandle, stylus, adjustSelection, or adjustSelectionReset.
- mediaFlags Object - The flags for the media element the context menu was invoked on.
- inError boolean - Whether the media element has crashed.
- isPaused boolean - Whether the media element is paused.
- isMuted boolean - Whether the media element is muted.
- hasAudio boolean - Whether the media element has audio.
- isLooping boolean - Whether the media element is looping.
- isControlsVisible boolean - Whether the media element's controls are visible.
- canToggleControls boolean - Whether the media element's controls are toggleable.
- canPrint boolean - Whether the media element can be printed.
- canSave boolean - Whether or not the media element can be downloaded.
- canShowPictureInPicture boolean - Whether the media element can show picture-in-picture.
- isShowingPictureInPicture boolean - Whether the media element is currently showing picture-in-picture.
- canRotate boolean - Whether the media element can be rotated.
- canLoop boolean - Whether the media element can be looped.
- editFlags Object - These flags indicate whether the renderer believes it is able to perform the corresponding action.
- canUndo boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can undo.
- canRedo boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can redo.
- canCut boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can cut.
- canCopy boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can copy.
- canPaste boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can paste.
- canDelete boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can delete.
- canSelectAll boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can select all.
- canEditRichly boolean - Whether the renderer believes it can edit text richly.

Emitted when there is a new context menu that needs to be handled.

Event: 'select-bluetooth-device'

Returns:

event Event
devices BluetoothDevice[]
callback Function
- deviceId string

Emitted when a bluetooth device needs to be selected when a call to navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice is made. callback should be called with the deviceId of the device to be selected. Passing an empty string to callback will cancel the request.

If an event listener is not added for this event, or if event.preventDefault is not called when handling this event, the first available device will be automatically selected.

Due to the nature of bluetooth, scanning for devices when navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice is called may take time and will cause select-bluetooth-device to fire multiple times until callback is called with either a device id or an empty string to cancel the request.

const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

let win = null

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  win = new BrowserWindow({ width: 800, height: 600 })
  win.webContents.on('select-bluetooth-device', (event, deviceList, callback) => {
    event.preventDefault()
    const result = deviceList.find((device) => {
      return device.deviceName === 'test'
    })
    if (!result) {
      // The device wasn't found so we need to either wait longer (eg until the
      // device is turned on) or cancel the request by calling the callback
      // with an empty string.
      callback('')
    } else {
      callback(result.deviceId)
    }
  })
})

Event: 'paint'

Returns:

details Event<>
- texture OffscreenSharedTexture (optional) Experimental - The GPU shared texture of the frame, when webPreferences.offscreen.useSharedTexture is true.
dirtyRect Rectangle
image NativeImage - The image data of the whole frame.

Emitted when a new frame is generated. Only the dirty area is passed in the buffer.

const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

const win = new BrowserWindow({ webPreferences: { offscreen: true } })
win.webContents.on('paint', (event, dirty, image) => {
  // updateBitmap(dirty, image.getBitmap())
})
win.loadURL('https://github.com')

When using shared texture (set webPreferences.offscreen.useSharedTexture to true) feature, you can pass the texture handle to external rendering pipeline without the overhead of copying data between CPU and GPU memory, with Chromium's hardware acceleration support. This feature is helpful for high-performance rendering scenarios.

Only a limited number of textures can exist at the same time, so it's important that you call texture.release() as soon as you're done with the texture. By managing the texture lifecycle by yourself, you can safely pass the texture.textureInfo to other processes through IPC.

More details can be found in the offscreen rendering tutorial. To learn about how to handle the texture in native code, refer to offscreen rendering's code documentation..

const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

const win = new BrowserWindow({ webPreferences: { offscreen: { useSharedTexture: true } } })
win.webContents.on('paint', async (e, dirty, image) => {
  if (e.texture) {
    // By managing lifecycle yourself, you can handle the event in async handler or pass the `e.texture.textureInfo`
    // to other processes (not `e.texture`, the `e.texture.release` function is not passable through IPC).
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50))

    // You can send the native texture handle to native code for importing into your rendering pipeline.
    // Read more at https://github.com/electron/electron/blob/main/shell/browser/osr/README.md
    // importTextureHandle(dirty, e.texture.textureInfo)

    // You must call `e.texture.release()` as soon as possible, before the underlying frame pool is drained.
    e.texture.release()
  }
})
win.loadURL('https://github.com')

Event: 'devtools-reload-page'

Emitted when the devtools window instructs the webContents to reload

Event: 'will-attach-webview'

Returns:

event Event
webPreferences WebPreferences - The web preferences that will be used by the guest page. This object can be modified to adjust the preferences for the guest page.
params Record<string, string> - The other <webview> parameters such as the src URL. This object can be modified to adjust the parameters of the guest page.

Emitted when a <webview>'s web contents is being attached to this web contents. Calling event.preventDefault() will destroy the guest page.

This event can be used to configure webPreferences for the webContents of a <webview> before it's loaded, and provides the ability to set settings that can't be set via <webview> attributes.

Event: 'did-attach-webview'

Returns:

event Event
webContents WebContents - The guest web contents that is used by the <webview>.

Emitted when a <webview> has been attached to this web contents.

Event: 'console-message'

Returns:

details Event<>
- message string - Message text
- level string - Message severity Possible values include info, warning, error, and debug.
- lineNumber Integer - Line number in the log source
- sourceId string - URL of the log source
- frame WebFrameMain - Frame that logged the message
level Integer Deprecated - The log level, from 0 to 3. In order it matches verbose, info, warning and error.
message string Deprecated - The actual console message
line Integer Deprecated - The line number of the source that triggered this console message
sourceId string Deprecated

Emitted when the associated window logs a console message.

Event: 'preload-error'

Returns:

event Event
preloadPath string
error Error

Emitted when the preload script preloadPath throws an unhandled exception error.

Event: 'ipc-message'

Returns:

event IpcMainEvent
channel string
...args any[]

Emitted when the renderer process sends an asynchronous message via ipcRenderer.send().

See also webContents.ipc, which provides an IpcMain-like interface for responding to IPC messages specifically from this WebContents.

Event: 'ipc-message-sync'

Returns:

event IpcMainEvent
channel string
...args any[]

Emitted when the renderer process sends a synchronous message via ipcRenderer.sendSync().

See also webContents.ipc, which provides an IpcMain-like interface for responding to IPC messages specifically from this WebContents.

Event: 'preferred-size-changed'

Returns:

event Event
preferredSize Size - The minimum size needed to contain the layout of the document—without requiring scrolling.

Emitted when the WebContents preferred size has changed.

This event will only be emitted when enablePreferredSizeMode is set to true in webPreferences.

Event: 'frame-created'

Returns:

event Event
details Object
- frame WebFrameMain | null - The created frame. May be null if accessed after the frame has either navigated or been destroyed.

Emitted when the mainFrame, an <iframe>, or a nested <iframe> is loaded within the page.

Instance Methods

`contents.loadURL(url[, options])`

url string
options Object (optional)
- httpReferrer (string | Referrer) (optional) - An HTTP Referrer url.
- userAgent string (optional) - A user agent originating the request.
- extraHeaders string (optional) - Extra headers separated by "\n".
- postData (UploadRawData | UploadFile)[] (optional)
- baseURLForDataURL string (optional) - Base url (with trailing path separator) for files to be loaded by the data url. This is needed only if the specified url is a data url and needs to load other files.

Returns Promise<void> - the promise will resolve when the page has finished loading (see did-finish-load), and rejects if the page fails to load (see did-fail-load). A noop rejection handler is already attached, which avoids unhandled rejection errors.

Loads the url in the window. The url must contain the protocol prefix, e.g. the http:// or file://. If the load should bypass http cache then use the pragma header to achieve it.

const win = new BrowserWindow()
const options = { extraHeaders: 'pragma: no-cache\n' }
win.webContents.loadURL('https://github.com', options)

`contents.loadFile(filePath[, options])`

filePath string
options Object (optional)
- query Record<string, string> (optional) - Passed to url.format().
- search string (optional) - Passed to url.format().
- hash string (optional) - Passed to url.format().

Returns Promise<void> - the promise will resolve when the page has finished loading (see did-finish-load), and rejects if the page fails to load (see did-fail-load).

Loads the given file in the window, filePath should be a path to an HTML file relative to the root of your application. For instance an app structure like this:

| root
| - package.json
| - src
|   - main.js
|   - index.html

Would require code like this

const win = new BrowserWindow()
win.loadFile('src/index.html')

`contents.downloadURL(url[, options])`

url string
options Object (optional)
- headers Record<string, string> (optional) - HTTP request headers.

Initiates a download of the resource at url without navigating. The will-download event of session will be triggered.

`contents.getURL()`

Returns string - The URL of the current web page.

const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron')
const win = new BrowserWindow({ width: 800, height: 600 })
win.loadURL('https://github.com').then(() => {
  const currentURL = win.webContents.getURL()
  console.log(currentURL)
})

`contents.getTitle()`

Returns string - The title of the current web page.

`contents.isDestroyed()`

Returns boolean - Whether the web page is destroyed.

`contents.close([opts])`

opts Object (optional)
- waitForBeforeUnload boolean - if true, fire the beforeunload event before closing the page. If the page prevents the unload, the WebContents will not be closed. The will-prevent-unload will be fired if the page requests prevention of unload.

Closes the page, as if the web content had called window.close().

If the page is successfully closed (i.e. the unload is not prevented by the page, or waitForBeforeUnload is false or unspecified), the WebContents will be destroyed and no longer usable. The destroyed event will be emitted.

`contents.focus()`

Focuses the web page.

`contents.isFocused()`

Returns boolean - Whether the web page is focused.

`contents.isLoading()`

Returns boolean - Whether web page is still loading resources.

`contents.isLoadingMainFrame()`

Returns boolean - Whether the main frame (and not just iframes or frames within it) is still loading.

`contents.isWaitingForResponse()`

Returns boolean - Whether the web page is waiting for a first-response from the main resource of the page.

`contents.stop()`

Stops any pending navigation.

`contents.reload()`

Reloads the current web page.

`contents.reloadIgnoringCache()`

Reloads current page and ignores cache.

`contents.canGoBack()` Deprecated

Returns boolean - Whether the browser can go back to previous web page.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.canGoBack API.

`contents.canGoForward()` Deprecated

Returns boolean - Whether the browser can go forward to next web page.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.canGoForward API.

`contents.canGoToOffset(offset)` Deprecated

offset Integer

Returns boolean - Whether the web page can go to offset.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.canGoToOffset API.

`contents.clearHistory()` Deprecated

Clears the navigation history.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.clear API.

`contents.goBack()` Deprecated

Makes the browser go back a web page.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.goBack API.

`contents.goForward()` Deprecated

Makes the browser go forward a web page.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.goForward API.

`contents.goToIndex(index)` Deprecated

index Integer

Navigates browser to the specified absolute web page index.

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.goToIndex API.

`contents.goToOffset(offset)` Deprecated

offset Integer

Navigates to the specified offset from the "current entry".

Deprecated: Should use the new contents.navigationHistory.goToOffset API.

`contents.isCrashed()`

Returns boolean - Whether the renderer process has crashed.

`contents.forcefullyCrashRenderer()`

Forcefully terminates the renderer process that is currently hosting this webContents. This will cause the render-process-gone event to be emitted with the reason=killed || reason=crashed. Please note that some webContents share renderer processes and therefore calling this method may also crash the host process for other webContents as well.

Calling reload() immediately after calling this method will force the reload to occur in a new process. This should be used when this process is unstable or unusable, for instance in order to recover from the unresponsive event.

const win = new BrowserWindow()

win.webContents.on('unresponsive', async () => {
  const { response } = await dialog.showMessageBox({
    message: 'App X has become unresponsive',
    title: 'Do you want to try forcefully reloading the app?',
    buttons: ['OK', 'Cancel'],
    cancelId: 1
  })
  if (response === 0) {
    win.webContents.forcefullyCrashRenderer()
    win.webContents.reload()
  }
})

`contents.setUserAgent(userAgent)`

userAgent string

Overrides the user agent for this web page.

`contents.getUserAgent()`

Returns string - The user agent for this web page.

`contents.insertCSS(css[, options])`

css string
options Object (optional)
- cssOrigin string (optional) - Can be 'user' or 'author'. Sets the cascade origin of the inserted stylesheet. Default is 'author'.

Returns Promise<string> - A promise that resolves with a key for the inserted CSS that can later be used to remove the CSS via contents.removeInsertedCSS(key).

Injects CSS into the current web page and returns a unique key for the inserted stylesheet.

const win = new BrowserWindow()
win.webContents.on('did-finish-load', () => {
  win.webContents.insertCSS('html, body { background-color: #f00; }')
})

`contents.removeInsertedCSS(key)`

key string

Returns Promise<void> - Resolves if the removal was successful.

Removes the inserted CSS from the current web page. The stylesheet is identified by its key, which is returned from contents.insertCSS(css).

const win = new BrowserWindow()

win.webContents.on('did-finish-load', async () => {
  const key = await win.webContents.insertCSS('html, body { background-color: #f00; }')
  win.webContents.removeInsertedCSS(key)
})

`contents.executeJavaScript(code[, userGesture])`

code string
userGesture boolean (optional) - Default is false.

Returns Promise<any> - A promise that resolves with the result of the executed code or is rejected if the result of the code is a rejected promise.

Evaluates code in page.

In the browser window some HTML APIs like requestFullScreen can only be invoked by a gesture from the user. Setting userGesture to true will remove this limitation.

Code execution will be suspended until web page stop loading.

const win = new BrowserWindow()

win.webContents.executeJavaScript('fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users/1").then(resp => resp.json())', true)
  .then((result) => {
    console.log(result) // Will be the JSON object from the fetch call
  })

`contents.executeJavaScriptInIsolatedWorld(worldId, scripts[, userGesture])`

worldId Integer - The ID of the world to run the javascript in, 0 is the default world, 999 is the world used by Electron's contextIsolation feature. You can provide any integer here.
scripts WebSource[]
userGesture boolean (optional) - Default is false.

Returns Promise<any> - A promise that resolves with the result of the executed code or is rejected if the result of the code is a rejected promise.

Works like executeJavaScript but evaluates scripts in an isolated context.

`contents.setIgnoreMenuShortcuts(ignore)`

ignore boolean

Ignore application menu shortcuts while this web contents is focused.

`contents.setWindowOpenHandler(handler)`

handler Function<WindowOpenHandlerResponse>
- details Object
- url string - The resolved version of the URL passed to window.open(). e.g. opening a window with window.open('foo') will yield something like https://the-origin/the/current/path/foo.
- frameName string - Name of the window provided in window.open()
- features string - Comma separated list of window features provided to window.open().
- disposition string - Can be default, foreground-tab, background-tab, new-window or other.
- referrer Referrer - The referrer that will be passed to the new window. May or may not result in the Referer header being sent, depending on the referrer policy.
- postBody PostBody (optional) - The post data that will be sent to the new window, along with the appropriate headers that will be set. If no post data is to be sent, the value will be null. Only defined when the window is being created by a form that set target=_blank.

Returns WindowOpenHandlerResponse - When set to { action: 'deny' } cancels the creation of the new window. { action: 'allow' } will allow the new window to be created. Returning an unrecognized value such as a null, undefined, or an object without a recognized 'action' value will result in a console error and have the same effect as returning {action: 'deny'}.

Called before creating a window a new window is requested by the renderer, e.g. by window.open(), a link with target="_blank", shift+clicking on a link, or submitting a form with <form target="_blank">. See window.open() for more details and how to use this in conjunction with did-create-window.

An example showing how to customize the process of new BrowserWindow creation to be BrowserView attached to main window instead:

const { BrowserView, BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

const mainWindow = new BrowserWindow()

mainWindow.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler((details) => {
  return {
    action: 'allow',
    createWindow: (options) => {
      const browserView = new BrowserView(options)
      mainWindow.addBrowserView(browserView)
      browserView.setBounds({ x: 0, y: 0, width: 640, height: 480 })
      return browserView.webContents
    }
  }
})

`contents.setAudioMuted(muted)`

muted boolean

Mute the audio on the current web page.

`contents.isAudioMuted()`

Returns boolean - Whether this page has been muted.

`contents.isCurrentlyAudible()`

Returns boolean - Whether audio is currently playing.

`contents.setZoomFactor(factor)`

factor Double - Zoom factor; default is 1.0.

Changes the zoom factor to the specified factor. Zoom factor is zoom percent divided by 100, so 300% = 3.0.

The factor must be greater than 0.0.

`contents.getZoomFactor()`

Returns number - the current zoom factor.

`contents.setZoomLevel(level)`

level number - Zoom level.

Changes the zoom level to the specified level. The original size is 0 and each increment above or below represents zooming 20% larger or smaller to default limits of 300% and 50% of original size, respectively. The formula for this is scale := 1.2 ^ level.

NOTE: The zoom policy at the Chromium level is same-origin, meaning that the zoom level for a specific domain propagates across all instances of windows with the same domain. Differentiating the window URLs will make zoom work per-window.

`contents.getZoomLevel()`

Returns number - the current zoom level.

`contents.setVisualZoomLevelLimits(minimumLevel, maximumLevel)`

minimumLevel number
maximumLevel number

Returns Promise<void>

Sets the maximum and minimum pinch-to-zoom level.

NOTE: Visual zoom is disabled by default in Electron. To re-enable it, call:

> const win = new BrowserWindow()
> win.webContents.setVisualZoomLevelLimits(1, 3)
> ```

#### `contents.undo()`

Executes the editing command `undo` in web page.

#### `contents.redo()`

Executes the editing command `redo` in web page.

#### `contents.cut()`

Executes the editing command `cut` in web page.

#### `contents.copy()`

Executes the editing command `copy` in web page.

#### `contents.centerSelection()`

Centers the current text selection in web page.

#### `contents.copyImageAt(x, y)`

* `x` Integer
* `y` Integer

Copy the image at the given position to the clipboard.

#### `contents.paste()`

Executes the editing command `paste` in web page.

#### `contents.pasteAndMatchStyle()`

Executes the editing command `pasteAndMatchStyle` in web page.

#### `contents.delete()`

Executes the editing command `delete` in web page.

#### `contents.selectAll()`

Executes the editing command `selectAll` in web page.

#### `contents.unselect()`

Executes the editing command `unselect` in web page.

#### `contents.scrollToTop()`

Scrolls to the top of the current `webContents`.

#### `contents.scrollToBottom()`

Scrolls to the bottom of the current `webContents`.

#### `contents.adjustSelection(options)`

* `options` Object
  * `start` Number (optional) - Amount to shift the start index of the current selection.
  * `end` Number (optional) - Amount to shift the end index of the current selection.

Adjusts the current text selection starting and ending points in the focused frame by the given amounts. A negative amount moves the selection towards the beginning of the document, and a positive amount moves the selection towards the end of the document.

Example:

js const win = new BrowserWindow()

// Adjusts the beginning of the selection 1 letter forward, // and the end of the selection 5 letters forward. win.webContents.adjustSelection({ start: 1, end: 5 })

// Adjusts the beginning of the selection 2 letters forward, // and the end of the selection 3 letters backward. win.webContents.adjustSelection({ start: 2, end: -3 })


For a call of `win.webContents.adjustSelection({ start: 1, end: 5 })`

Before:

<img width="487" alt="Image Before Text Selection Adjustment" src="../images/web-contents-text-selection-before.png"/>

After:

<img width="487" alt="Image After Text Selection Adjustment" src="../images/web-contents-text-selection-after.png"/>

#### `contents.replace(text)`

* `text` string

Executes the editing command `replace` in web page.

#### `contents.replaceMisspelling(text)`

* `text` string

Executes the editing command `replaceMisspelling` in web page.

#### `contents.insertText(text)`

* `text` string

Returns `Promise<void>`

Inserts `text` to the focused element.

#### `contents.findInPage(text[, options])`

* `text` string - Content to be searched, must not be empty.
* `options` Object (optional)
  * `forward` boolean (optional) - Whether to search forward or backward, defaults to `true`.
  * `findNext` boolean (optional) - Whether to begin a new text finding session with this request. Should be `true` for initial requests, and `false` for follow-up requests. Defaults to `false`.
  * `matchCase` boolean (optional) - Whether search should be case-sensitive,
    defaults to `false`.

Returns `Integer` - The request id used for the request.

Starts a request to find all matches for the `text` in the web page. The result of the request
can be obtained by subscribing to [`found-in-page`](web-contents.md#event-found-in-page) event.

#### `contents.stopFindInPage(action)`

* `action` string - Specifies the action to take place when ending
  [`webContents.findInPage`](#contentsfindinpagetext-options) request.
  * `clearSelection` - Clear the selection.
  * `keepSelection` - Translate the selection into a normal selection.
  * `activateSelection` - Focus and click the selection node.

Stops any `findInPage` request for the `webContents` with the provided `action`.

js const win = new BrowserWindow() win.webContents.on('found-in-page', (event, result) => { if (result.finalUpdate) win.webContents.stopFindInPage('clearSelection') })

const requestId = win.webContents.findInPage('api') console.log(requestId)


#### `contents.capturePage([rect, opts])`

* `rect` [Rectangle](structures/rectangle.md) (optional) - The area of the page to be captured.
* `opts` Object (optional)
  * `stayHidden` boolean (optional) -  Keep the page hidden instead of visible. Default is `false`.
  * `stayAwake` boolean (optional) -  Keep the system awake instead of allowing it to sleep. Default is `false`.

Returns `Promise<NativeImage>` - Resolves with a [NativeImage](native-image.md)

Captures a snapshot of the page within `rect`. Omitting `rect` will capture the whole visible page.
The page is considered visible when its browser window is hidden and the capturer count is non-zero.
If you would like the page to stay hidden, you should ensure that `stayHidden` is set to true.

#### `contents.isBeingCaptured()`

Returns `boolean` - Whether this page is being captured. It returns true when the capturer count
is greater than 0.

#### `contents.getPrintersAsync()`

Get the system printer list.

Returns `Promise<PrinterInfo[]>` - Resolves with a [`PrinterInfo[]`](structures/printer-info.md)

#### `contents.print([options], [callback])`

* `options` Object (optional)
  * `silent` boolean (optional) - Don't ask user for print settings. Default is `false`.
  * `printBackground` boolean (optional) - Prints the background color and image of
    the web page. Default is `false`.
  * `deviceName` string (optional) - Set the printer device name to use. Must be the system-defined name and not the 'friendly' name, e.g 'Brother_QL_820NWB' and not 'Brother QL-820NWB'.
  * `color` boolean (optional) - Set whether the printed web page will be in color or grayscale. Default is `true`.
  * `margins` Object (optional)
    * `marginType` string (optional) - Can be `default`, `none`, `printableArea`, or `custom`. If `custom` is chosen, you will also need to specify `top`, `bottom`, `left`, and `right`.
    * `top` number (optional) - The top margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
    * `bottom` number (optional) - The bottom margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
    * `left` number (optional) - The left margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
    * `right` number (optional) - The right margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
  * `landscape` boolean (optional) - Whether the web page should be printed in landscape mode. Default is `false`.
  * `scaleFactor` number (optional) - The scale factor of the web page.
  * `pagesPerSheet` number (optional) - The number of pages to print per page sheet.
  * `collate` boolean (optional) - Whether the web page should be collated.
  * `copies` number (optional) - The number of copies of the web page to print.
  * `pageRanges` Object[]  (optional) - The page range to print. On macOS, only one range is honored.
    * `from` number - Index of the first page to print (0-based).
    * `to` number - Index of the last page to print (inclusive) (0-based).
  * `duplexMode` string (optional) - Set the duplex mode of the printed web page. Can be `simplex`, `shortEdge`, or `longEdge`.
  * `dpi` Record\<string, number\> (optional)
    * `horizontal` number (optional) - The horizontal dpi.
    * `vertical` number (optional) - The vertical dpi.
  * `header` string (optional) - string to be printed as page header.
  * `footer` string (optional) - string to be printed as page footer.
  * `pageSize` string | Size (optional) - Specify page size of the printed document. Can be `A0`, `A1`, `A2`, `A3`,
  `A4`, `A5`, `A6`, `Legal`, `Letter`, `Tabloid` or an Object containing `height` and `width`.
* `callback` Function (optional)
  * `success` boolean - Indicates success of the print call.
  * `failureReason` string - Error description called back if the print fails.

When a custom `pageSize` is passed, Chromium attempts to validate platform specific minimum values for `width_microns` and `height_microns`. Width and height must both be minimum 353 microns but may be higher on some operating systems.

Prints window's web page. When `silent` is set to `true`, Electron will pick
the system's default printer if `deviceName` is empty and the default settings for printing.

Use `page-break-before: always;` CSS style to force to print to a new page.

Example usage:

js const win = new BrowserWindow() const options = { silent: true, deviceName: 'My-Printer', pageRanges: [{

from: 0,
to: 1

}] } win.webContents.print(options, (success, errorType) => { if (!success) console.log(errorType) })


#### `contents.printToPDF(options)`

* `options` Object
  * `landscape` boolean (optional) - Paper orientation.`true` for landscape, `false` for portrait. Defaults to false.
  * `displayHeaderFooter` boolean (optional) - Whether to display header and footer. Defaults to false.
  * `printBackground` boolean (optional) - Whether to print background graphics. Defaults to false.
  * `scale` number(optional)  - Scale of the webpage rendering. Defaults to 1.
  * `pageSize` string | Size (optional) - Specify page size of the generated PDF. Can be `A0`, `A1`, `A2`, `A3`,
  `A4`, `A5`, `A6`, `Legal`, `Letter`, `Tabloid`, `Ledger`, or an Object containing `height` and `width` in inches. Defaults to `Letter`.
  * `margins` Object (optional)
    * `top` number (optional) - Top margin in inches. Defaults to 1cm (~0.4 inches).
    * `bottom` number (optional) - Bottom margin in inches. Defaults to 1cm (~0.4 inches).
    * `left` number (optional) - Left margin in inches. Defaults to 1cm (~0.4 inches).
    * `right` number (optional) - Right margin in inches. Defaults to 1cm (~0.4 inches).
  * `pageRanges` string (optional) - Page ranges to print, e.g., '1-5, 8, 11-13'. Defaults to the empty string, which means print all pages.
  * `headerTemplate` string (optional) - HTML template for the print header. Should be valid HTML markup with following classes used to inject printing values into them: `date` (formatted print date), `title` (document title), `url` (document location), `pageNumber` (current page number) and `totalPages` (total pages in the document). For example, `<span class=title></span>` would generate span containing the title.
  * `footerTemplate` string (optional) - HTML template for the print footer. Should use the same format as the `headerTemplate`.
  * `preferCSSPageSize` boolean (optional) - Whether or not to prefer page size as defined by css. Defaults to false, in which case the content will be scaled to fit the paper size.
  * `generateTaggedPDF` boolean (optional) _Experimental_ - Whether or not to generate a tagged (accessible) PDF. Defaults to false. As this property is experimental, the generated PDF may not adhere fully to PDF/UA and WCAG standards.
  * `generateDocumentOutline` boolean (optional) _Experimental_ - Whether or not to generate a PDF document outline from content headers. Defaults to false.

Returns `Promise<Buffer>` - Resolves with the generated PDF data.

Prints the window's web page as PDF.

The `landscape` will be ignored if `@page` CSS at-rule is used in the web page.

An example of `webContents.printToPDF`:

js const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron') const fs = require('node:fs') const path = require('node:path') const os = require('node:os')

app.whenReady().then(() => { const win = new BrowserWindow() win.loadURL('https://github.com')

win.webContents.on('did-finish-load', () => {

// Use default printing options
const pdfPath = path.join(os.homedir(), 'Desktop', 'temp.pdf')
win.webContents.printToPDF({}).then(data => {
  fs.writeFile(pdfPath, data, (error) => {
    if (error) throw error
    console.log(`Wrote PDF successfully to ${pdfPath}`)
  })
}).catch(error => {
  console.log(`Failed to write PDF to ${pdfPath}: `, error)
})

}) })


See [Page.printToPdf](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/tot/Page/#method-printToPDF) for more information.

#### `contents.addWorkSpace(path)`

* `path` string

Adds the specified path to DevTools workspace. Must be used after DevTools
creation:

js const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron') const win = new BrowserWindow() win.webContents.on('devtools-opened', () => { win.webContents.addWorkSpace(__dirname) })


#### `contents.removeWorkSpace(path)`

* `path` string

Removes the specified path from DevTools workspace.

#### `contents.setDevToolsWebContents(devToolsWebContents)`

* `devToolsWebContents` WebContents

Uses the `devToolsWebContents` as the target `WebContents` to show devtools.

The `devToolsWebContents` must not have done any navigation, and it should not
be used for other purposes after the call.

By default Electron manages the devtools by creating an internal `WebContents`
with native view, which developers have very limited control of. With the
`setDevToolsWebContents` method, developers can use any `WebContents` to show
the devtools in it, including `BrowserWindow`, `BrowserView` and `<webview>`
tag.

Note that closing the devtools does not destroy the `devToolsWebContents`, it
is caller's responsibility to destroy `devToolsWebContents`.

An example of showing devtools in a `<webview>` tag:

html

* { margin: 0; }
#browser { height: 70%; }
#devtools { height: 30%; }

js // Main process const { ipcMain, webContents } = require('electron') ipcMain.on('open-devtools', (event, targetContentsId, devtoolsContentsId) => { const target = webContents.fromId(targetContentsId) const devtools = webContents.fromId(devtoolsContentsId) target.setDevToolsWebContents(devtools) target.openDevTools() })


An example of showing devtools in a `BrowserWindow`:

js title='main.js' const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

let win = null let devtools = null

app.whenReady().then(() => { win = new BrowserWindow() devtools = new BrowserWindow() win.loadURL('https://github.com') win.webContents.setDevToolsWebContents(devtools.webContents) win.webContents.openDevTools({ mode: 'detach' }) })


#### `contents.openDevTools([options])`

* `options` Object (optional)
  * `mode` string - Opens the devtools with specified dock state, can be
    `left`, `right`, `bottom`, `undocked`, `detach`. Defaults to last used dock state.
    In `undocked` mode it's possible to dock back. In `detach` mode it's not.
  * `activate` boolean (optional) - Whether to bring the opened devtools window
    to the foreground. The default is `true`.
  * `title` string (optional) - A title for the DevTools window (only in `undocked` or `detach` mode).

Opens the devtools.

When `contents` is a `<webview>` tag, the `mode` would be `detach` by default,
explicitly passing an empty `mode` can force using last used dock state.

On Windows, if Windows Control Overlay is enabled, Devtools will be opened with `mode: 'detach'`.

#### `contents.closeDevTools()`

Closes the devtools.

#### `contents.isDevToolsOpened()`

Returns `boolean` - Whether the devtools is opened.

#### `contents.isDevToolsFocused()`

Returns `boolean` - Whether the devtools view is focused .

#### `contents.getDevToolsTitle()`

Returns `string` - the current title of the DevTools window. This will only be visible
if DevTools is opened in `undocked` or `detach` mode.

#### `contents.setDevToolsTitle(title)`

* `title` string

Changes the title of the DevTools window to `title`. This will only be visible if DevTools is
opened in `undocked` or `detach` mode.

#### `contents.toggleDevTools()`

Toggles the developer tools.

#### `contents.inspectElement(x, y)`

* `x` Integer
* `y` Integer

Starts inspecting element at position (`x`, `y`).

#### `contents.inspectSharedWorker()`

Opens the developer tools for the shared worker context.

#### `contents.inspectSharedWorkerById(workerId)`

* `workerId` string

Inspects the shared worker based on its ID.

#### `contents.getAllSharedWorkers()`

Returns [`SharedWorkerInfo[]`](structures/shared-worker-info.md) - Information about all Shared Workers.

#### `contents.inspectServiceWorker()`

Opens the developer tools for the service worker context.

#### `contents.send(channel, ...args)`

* `channel` string
* `...args` any[]

Send an asynchronous message to the renderer process via `channel`, along with
arguments. Arguments will be serialized with the [Structured Clone Algorithm][SCA],
just like [`postMessage`][], so prototype chains will not be
included. Sending Functions, Promises, Symbols, WeakMaps, or WeakSets will
throw an exception.

:::warning

Sending non-standard JavaScript types such as DOM objects or
special Electron objects will throw an exception.

:::

For additional reading, refer to [Electron's IPC guide](../tutorial/ipc.md).

#### `contents.sendToFrame(frameId, channel, ...args)`

* `frameId` Integer | \[number, number] - the ID of the frame to send to, or a
  pair of `[processId, frameId]` if the frame is in a different process to the
  main frame.
* `channel` string
* `...args` any[]

Send an asynchronous message to a specific frame in a renderer process via
`channel`, along with arguments. Arguments will be serialized with the
[Structured Clone Algorithm][SCA], just like [`postMessage`][], so prototype
chains will not be included. Sending Functions, Promises, Symbols, WeakMaps, or
WeakSets will throw an exception.

> **NOTE:** Sending non-standard JavaScript types such as DOM objects or
> special Electron objects will throw an exception.

The renderer process can handle the message by listening to `channel` with the
[`ipcRenderer`](ipc-renderer.md) module.

If you want to get the `frameId` of a given renderer context you should use
the `webFrame.routingId` value.  E.g.

js // In a renderer process console.log('My frameId is:', require('electron').webFrame.routingId)


You can also read `frameId` from all incoming IPC messages in the main process.

js // In the main process ipcMain.on('ping', (event) => { console.info('Message came from frameId:', event.frameId) })


#### `contents.postMessage(channel, message, [transfer])`

* `channel` string
* `message` any
* `transfer` MessagePortMain[] (optional)

Send a message to the renderer process, optionally transferring ownership of
zero or more [`MessagePortMain`][] objects.

The transferred `MessagePortMain` objects will be available in the renderer
process by accessing the `ports` property of the emitted event. When they
arrive in the renderer, they will be native DOM `MessagePort` objects.

For example:

js // Main process const win = new BrowserWindow() const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannelMain() win.webContents.postMessage('port', { message: 'hello' }, [port1])

// Renderer process ipcRenderer.on('port', (e, msg) => { const [port] = e.ports // ... })


#### `contents.enableDeviceEmulation(parameters)`

* `parameters` Object
  * `screenPosition` string - Specify the screen type to emulate
      (default: `desktop`):
    * `desktop` - Desktop screen type.
    * `mobile` - Mobile screen type.
  * `screenSize` [Size](structures/size.md) - Set the emulated screen size (screenPosition == mobile).
  * `viewPosition` [Point](structures/point.md) - Position the view on the screen
      (screenPosition == mobile) (default: `{ x: 0, y: 0 }`).
  * `deviceScaleFactor` Integer - Set the device scale factor (if zero defaults to
      original device scale factor) (default: `0`).
  * `viewSize` [Size](structures/size.md) - Set the emulated view size (empty means no override)
  * `scale` Float - Scale of emulated view inside available space (not in fit to
      view mode) (default: `1`).

Enable device emulation with the given parameters.

#### `contents.disableDeviceEmulation()`

Disable device emulation enabled by `webContents.enableDeviceEmulation`.

#### `contents.sendInputEvent(inputEvent)`

* `inputEvent` [MouseInputEvent](structures/mouse-input-event.md) | [MouseWheelInputEvent](structures/mouse-wheel-input-event.md) | [KeyboardInputEvent](structures/keyboard-input-event.md)

Sends an input `event` to the page.
**Note:** The [`BrowserWindow`](browser-window.md) containing the contents needs to be focused for
`sendInputEvent()` to work.

#### `contents.beginFrameSubscription([onlyDirty ,]callback)`

* `onlyDirty` boolean (optional) - Defaults to `false`.
* `callback` Function
  * `image` [NativeImage](native-image.md)
  * `dirtyRect` [Rectangle](structures/rectangle.md)

Begin subscribing for presentation events and captured frames, the `callback`
will be called with `callback(image, dirtyRect)` when there is a presentation
event.

The `image` is an instance of [NativeImage](native-image.md) that stores the
captured frame.

The `dirtyRect` is an object with `x, y, width, height` properties that
describes which part of the page was repainted. If `onlyDirty` is set to
`true`, `image` will only contain the repainted area. `onlyDirty` defaults to
`false`.

#### `contents.endFrameSubscription()`

End subscribing for frame presentation events.

#### `contents.startDrag(item)`

* `item` Object
  * `file` string - The path to the file being dragged.
  * `files` string[] (optional) - The paths to the files being dragged. (`files` will override `file` field)
  * `icon` [NativeImage](native-image.md) | string - The image must be
    non-empty on macOS.

Sets the `item` as dragging item for current drag-drop operation, `file` is the
absolute path of the file to be dragged, and `icon` is the image showing under
the cursor when dragging.

#### `contents.savePage(fullPath, saveType)`

* `fullPath` string - The absolute file path.
* `saveType` string - Specify the save type.
  * `HTMLOnly` - Save only the HTML of the page.
  * `HTMLComplete` - Save complete-html page.
  * `MHTML` - Save complete-html page as MHTML.

Returns `Promise<void>` - resolves if the page is saved.

js const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron') const win = new BrowserWindow()

win.loadURL('https://github.com')

win.webContents.on('did-finish-load', async () => { win.webContents.savePage('/tmp/test.html', 'HTMLComplete').then(() => {

console.log('Page was saved successfully.')

}).catch(err => {

console.log(err)

}) })


#### `contents.showDefinitionForSelection()` _macOS_

Shows pop-up dictionary that searches the selected word on the page.

#### `contents.isOffscreen()`

Returns `boolean` - Indicates whether _offscreen rendering_ is enabled.

#### `contents.startPainting()`

If _offscreen rendering_ is enabled and not painting, start painting.

#### `contents.stopPainting()`

If _offscreen rendering_ is enabled and painting, stop painting.

#### `contents.isPainting()`

Returns `boolean` - If _offscreen rendering_ is enabled returns whether it is currently painting.

#### `contents.setFrameRate(fps)`

* `fps` Integer

If _offscreen rendering_ is enabled sets the frame rate to the specified number.
Only values between 1 and 240 are accepted.

#### `contents.getFrameRate()`

Returns `Integer` - If _offscreen rendering_ is enabled returns the current frame rate.

#### `contents.invalidate()`

Schedules a full repaint of the window this web contents is in.

If _offscreen rendering_ is enabled invalidates the frame and generates a new
one through the `'paint'` event.

#### `contents.getWebRTCIPHandlingPolicy()`

Returns `string` - Returns the WebRTC IP Handling Policy.

#### `contents.setWebRTCIPHandlingPolicy(policy)`

* `policy` string - Specify the WebRTC IP Handling Policy.
  * `default` - Exposes user's public and local IPs. This is the default
  behavior. When this policy is used, WebRTC has the right to enumerate all
  interfaces and bind them to discover public interfaces.
  * `default_public_interface_only` - Exposes user's public IP, but does not
  expose user's local IP. When this policy is used, WebRTC should only use the
  default route used by http. This doesn't expose any local addresses.
  * `default_public_and_private_interfaces` - Exposes user's public and local
  IPs. When this policy is used, WebRTC should only use the default route used
  by http. This also exposes the associated default private address. Default
  route is the route chosen by the OS on a multi-homed endpoint.
  * `disable_non_proxied_udp` - Does not expose public or local IPs. When this
  policy is used, WebRTC should only use TCP to contact peers or servers unless
  the proxy server supports UDP.

Setting the WebRTC IP handling policy allows you to control which IPs are
exposed via WebRTC. See [BrowserLeaks](https://browserleaks.com/webrtc) for
more details.

#### `contents.getWebRTCUDPPortRange()`

Returns `Object`:

* `min` Integer - The minimum UDP port number that WebRTC should use.
* `max` Integer - The maximum UDP port number that WebRTC should use.

By default this value is `{ min: 0, max: 0 }` , which would apply no restriction on the udp port range.

#### `contents.setWebRTCUDPPortRange(udpPortRange)`

* `udpPortRange` Object
  * `min` Integer - The minimum UDP port number that WebRTC should use.
  * `max` Integer - The maximum UDP port number that WebRTC should use.

Setting the WebRTC UDP Port Range allows you to restrict the udp port range used by WebRTC. By default the port range is unrestricted.
**Note:** To reset to an unrestricted port range this value should be set to `{ min: 0, max: 0 }`.

#### `contents.getMediaSourceId(requestWebContents)`

* `requestWebContents` WebContents - Web contents that the id will be registered to.

Returns `string` - The identifier of a WebContents stream. This identifier can be used
with `navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia` using a `chromeMediaSource` of `tab`.
The identifier is restricted to the web contents that it is registered to and is only valid for 10 seconds.

#### `contents.getOSProcessId()`

Returns `Integer` - The operating system `pid` of the associated renderer
process.

#### `contents.getProcessId()`

Returns `Integer` - The Chromium internal `pid` of the associated renderer. Can
be compared to the `frameProcessId` passed by frame specific navigation events
(e.g. `did-frame-navigate`)

#### `contents.takeHeapSnapshot(filePath)`

* `filePath` string - Path to the output file.

Returns `Promise<void>` - Indicates whether the snapshot has been created successfully.

Takes a V8 heap snapshot and saves it to `filePath`.

#### `contents.getBackgroundThrottling()`

Returns `boolean` - whether or not this WebContents will throttle animations and timers
when the page becomes backgrounded. This also affects the Page Visibility API.

#### `contents.setBackgroundThrottling(allowed)`

<!--

YAML history changes:

pr-url: https://github.com/electron/electron/pull/38924 description: "WebContents.backgroundThrottling set to false affects all WebContents in the host BrowserWindow" breaking-changes-header: behavior-changed-webcontentsbackgroundthrottling-set-to-false-affects-all-webcontents-in-the-host-browserwindow

-->

* `allowed` boolean

Controls whether or not this WebContents will throttle animations and timers
when the page becomes backgrounded. This also affects the Page Visibility API.

#### `contents.getType()`

Returns `string` - the type of the webContent. Can be `backgroundPage`, `window`, `browserView`, `remote`, `webview` or `offscreen`.

#### `contents.setImageAnimationPolicy(policy)`

* `policy` string - Can be `animate`, `animateOnce` or `noAnimation`.

Sets the image animation policy for this webContents.  The policy only affects
_new_ images, existing images that are currently being animated are unaffected.
This is a known limitation in Chromium, you can force image animation to be
recalculated with `img.src = img.src` which will result in no network traffic
but will update the animation policy.

This corresponds to the [animationPolicy][] accessibility feature in Chromium.



### Instance Properties

#### `contents.ipc` _Readonly_

An [`IpcMain`](ipc-main.md) scoped to just IPC messages sent from this
WebContents.

IPC messages sent with `ipcRenderer.send`, `ipcRenderer.sendSync` or
`ipcRenderer.postMessage` will be delivered in the following order:

1. `contents.on('ipc-message')`
2. `contents.mainFrame.on(channel)`
3. `contents.ipc.on(channel)`
4. `ipcMain.on(channel)`

Handlers registered with `invoke` will be checked in the following order. The
first one that is defined will be called, the rest will be ignored.

1. `contents.mainFrame.handle(channel)`
2. `contents.handle(channel)`
3. `ipcMain.handle(channel)`

A handler or event listener registered on the WebContents will receive IPC
messages sent from any frame, including child frames. In most cases, only the
main frame can send IPC messages. However, if the `nodeIntegrationInSubFrames`
option is enabled, it is possible for child frames to send IPC messages also.
In that case, handlers should check the `senderFrame` property of the IPC event
to ensure that the message is coming from the expected frame. Alternatively,
register handlers on the appropriate frame directly using the
[`WebFrameMain.ipc`](web-frame-main.md#frameipc-readonly) interface.

#### `contents.audioMuted`

A `boolean` property that determines whether this page is muted.

#### `contents.userAgent`

A `string` property that determines the user agent for this web page.

#### `contents.zoomLevel`

A `number` property that determines the zoom level for this web contents.

The original size is 0 and each increment above or below represents zooming 20% larger or smaller to default limits of 300% and 50% of original size, respectively. The formula for this is `scale := 1.2 ^ level`.

#### `contents.zoomFactor`

A `number` property that determines the zoom factor for this web contents.

The zoom factor is the zoom percent divided by 100, so 300% = 3.0.

#### `contents.frameRate`

An `Integer` property that sets the frame rate of the web contents to the specified number.
Only values between 1 and 240 are accepted.

Only applicable if _offscreen rendering_ is enabled.

#### `contents.id` _Readonly_

A `Integer` representing the unique ID of this WebContents. Each ID is unique among all `WebContents` instances of the entire Electron application.

#### `contents.session` _Readonly_

A [`Session`](session.md) used by this webContents.

#### `contents.navigationHistory` _Readonly_

A [`NavigationHistory`](navigation-history.md) used by this webContents.

#### `contents.hostWebContents` _Readonly_

A [`WebContents`](web-contents.md) instance that might own this `WebContents`.

#### `contents.devToolsWebContents` _Readonly_

A `WebContents | null` property that represents the of DevTools `WebContents` associated with a given `WebContents`.

**Note:** Users should never store this object because it may become `null`
when the DevTools has been closed.

#### `contents.debugger` _Readonly_

A [`Debugger`](debugger.md) instance for this webContents.

#### `contents.backgroundThrottling`

<!--

YAML history

changes:

pr-url: https://github.com/electron/electron/pull/38924 description: "WebContents.backgroundThrottling set to false affects all WebContents in the host BrowserWindow" breaking-changes-header: behavior-changed-webcontentsbackgroundthrottling-set-to-false-affects-all-webcontents-in-the-host-browserwindow ``--> Abooleanproperty that determines whether or not this WebContents will throttle animations and timers when the page becomes backgrounded. This also affects the Page Visibility API. ####contents.mainFrame_Readonly_ A [WebFrameMain](web-frame-main.md) property that represents the top frame of the page's frame hierarchy. ####contents.opener_Readonly_ A [WebFrameMain | null](web-frame-main.md) property that represents the frame that opened this WebContents, either with open(), or by navigating a link with a target attribute. ####contents.focusedFrame_Readonly_ A [WebFrameMain | null](web-frame-main.md) property that represents the currently focused frame in this WebContents. Can be the top frame, an inner

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webContents

Navigation Events

Document Navigations

In-page Navigation

Frame Navigation

Methods

webContents.getAllWebContents()

webContents.getFocusedWebContents()

webContents.fromId(id)

webContents.fromFrame(frame)

webContents.fromDevToolsTargetId(targetId)

Class: WebContents

Instance Events

Event: 'did-finish-load'

Event: 'did-fail-load'

Event: 'did-fail-provisional-load'

Event: 'did-frame-finish-load'

Event: 'did-start-loading'

Event: 'did-stop-loading'

Event: 'dom-ready'

Event: 'page-title-updated'

Event: 'page-favicon-updated'

Event: 'content-bounds-updated'

Event: 'did-create-window'

Event: 'will-navigate'

Event: 'will-frame-navigate'

Event: 'did-start-navigation'

Event: 'will-redirect'

Event: 'did-redirect-navigation'

Event: 'did-navigate'

Event: 'did-frame-navigate'

Event: 'did-navigate-in-page'

Event: 'will-prevent-unload'

Event: 'render-process-gone'

Event: 'unresponsive'

Event: 'responsive'

Event: 'plugin-crashed'

Event: 'destroyed'

Event: 'input-event'

Event: 'before-input-event'

Event: 'enter-html-full-screen'

Event: 'leave-html-full-screen'

Event: 'zoom-changed'

Event: 'blur'

Event: 'focus'

Event: 'devtools-open-url'

Event: 'devtools-search-query'

Event: 'devtools-opened'

Event: 'devtools-closed'

Event: 'devtools-focused'

Event: 'certificate-error'

Event: 'select-client-certificate'

Event: 'login'

Event: 'found-in-page'

Event: 'media-started-playing'

Event: 'media-paused'

Event: 'audio-state-changed'

Event: 'did-change-theme-color'

Event: 'update-target-url'

Event: 'cursor-changed'

Event: 'context-menu'

Event: 'select-bluetooth-device'

Event: 'paint'

Event: 'devtools-reload-page'

Event: 'will-attach-webview'

Event: 'did-attach-webview'

Event: 'console-message'

Event: 'preload-error'

Event: 'ipc-message'

Event: 'ipc-message-sync'

Event: 'preferred-size-changed'

Event: 'frame-created'

Instance Methods

contents.loadURL(url[, options])

contents.loadFile(filePath[, options])

contents.downloadURL(url[, options])

contents.getURL()

contents.getTitle()

contents.isDestroyed()

web-contents.md 87 KB

Permalink History Raw

`webContents.getAllWebContents()`

`webContents.getFocusedWebContents()`

`webContents.fromId(id)`

`webContents.fromFrame(frame)`

`webContents.fromDevToolsTargetId(targetId)`

`contents.loadURL(url[, options])`

`contents.loadFile(filePath[, options])`

`contents.downloadURL(url[, options])`

`contents.getURL()`

`contents.getTitle()`

`contents.isDestroyed()`

`contents.close([opts])`

`contents.focus()`

`contents.isFocused()`

`contents.isLoading()`

`contents.isLoadingMainFrame()`

`contents.isWaitingForResponse()`

`contents.stop()`

`contents.reload()`

`contents.reloadIgnoringCache()`

`contents.canGoBack()` Deprecated

`contents.canGoForward()` Deprecated

`contents.canGoToOffset(offset)` Deprecated

`contents.clearHistory()` Deprecated

`contents.goBack()` Deprecated

`contents.goForward()` Deprecated

`contents.goToIndex(index)` Deprecated

`contents.goToOffset(offset)` Deprecated

`contents.isCrashed()`

`contents.forcefullyCrashRenderer()`

`contents.setUserAgent(userAgent)`

`contents.getUserAgent()`

`contents.insertCSS(css[, options])`

`contents.removeInsertedCSS(key)`

`contents.executeJavaScript(code[, userGesture])`

`contents.executeJavaScriptInIsolatedWorld(worldId, scripts[, userGesture])`

`contents.setIgnoreMenuShortcuts(ignore)`

`contents.setWindowOpenHandler(handler)`

`contents.setAudioMuted(muted)`

`contents.isAudioMuted()`

`contents.isCurrentlyAudible()`

`contents.setZoomFactor(factor)`

`contents.getZoomFactor()`

`contents.setZoomLevel(level)`

`contents.getZoomLevel()`

`contents.setVisualZoomLevelLimits(minimumLevel, maximumLevel)`