build: strip local/dbg symbols, from Linux binaries (#22968)

Non full stripping seems to be the cause of limited
non-determinism. Employ similar default as macOS when
stripping away symbols.

--disacard-all     Remove all local symbols (saving only global symbols).
--strip-debug      Remove the debugging symbol table entries (those created by the -g option to cc(1) and other compilers).

script/strip-binaries.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def strip_binary(binary_path, target_cpu):
     strip = 'mips64el-redhat-linux-strip'
   else:
     strip = 'strip'
-  execute([strip, '--preserve-dates', binary_path])
+  execute([strip, '--discard-all', '--strip-debug', '--preserve-dates', binary_path])
 
 def main():
   args = parse_args()